Question by question...
Bondage is about tying or being tied up. Secured. Some bondages are uncomfortable, some may be painful. Most though are secure and comforting to the person tied up. I do a body tie that girls just love the feel of on their bodies. Some have even remarked on the incredible feeling as they realize they are "fucking the rope".
Pain can come from many sources... but my perception is that whatever the source, the reward for the victim is the endorphin rush that accompanies that pain. Think of it as the reason why marathon runners love running. It's called the runner's high and it comes from the pain of running long distances... and they miss it when they don't run.
I can humiliate you without tying you up... make you strip in public, call you vile names, and never a rope to be seen.
So to the fourth question, it now answers itself.